Which of the following is considered a principle of TQM?

The principle of continuous improvement and customer focus is fundamental to Total Quality Management (TQM). This approach emphasizes the importance of consistently enhancing processes, products, and services to meet or exceed customer expectations. Continuous improvement involves regularly assessing and refining practices to boost efficiency and quality, fostering a culture where all employees are encouraged to contribute ideas for enhancements.

Customer focus is crucial because a primary goal of TQM is to create value for customers. This means understanding and addressing their needs and preferences, ensuring that the organization is aligned with delivering quality outcomes that satisfy these demands. By prioritizing continuous improvement and maintaining a strong focus on customer satisfaction, organizations can achieve better quality results, foster customer loyalty, and ultimately improve their competitive position in the market.

The other options reflect management practices that are not aligned with the core principles of TQM. For example, managing by exception can lead to a reactive rather than proactive approach to quality, while micromanagement can stifle employee innovation and engagement, contrasting with the empowerment and team-oriented culture promoted in TQM. Annual performance appraisals can also be limiting, as TQM encourages ongoing feedback and dialogue rather than a once-a-year assessment.